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Neuroregeneration and Novel Insights in Borderline Emotional Disorders in Regenerative Medicine

Authors: Prof. Dr. Mike K.S. Chan and Dr. Dina Tulina
Published by: EUROPEAN WELLNESS ACADEMY – Medical Research
Medical Research: ISBN: 9781662971044, eISBN: 9781662972843

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Neuroregeneration and Novel Insights in Borderline Emotional Disorders in Regenerative Medicine

Neuroregeneration and Novel Insights in Borderline Emotional Disorders in Regenerative Medicine

Authors: Prof. Dr. Mike K.S. Chan and Dr. Dina Tulina
Published by: EUROPEAN WELLNESS ACADEMY – Medical Research
Medical Research: ISBN: 9781662971044, eISBN: 9781662972843

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Borderline Emotional Disorders EN

English

Borderline Emotional Disorders CS

Chinese Simplified*

Borderline Emotional Disorders CT

Chinese Traditional*

Borderline Emotional Disorders AR

Arabic*

Borderline Emotional Disorders ES

Spanish*

Borderline Emotional Disorders PT

Portuguese*

Borderline Emotional Disorders JA

Japanese*

Borderline Emotional Disorders KO

Korean*

Borderline Emotional Disorders TH

Thai*

Borderline Emotional Disorders VI

Vietnamese*

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* This is an AI machine-translated version; for precise information, please refer to the original published English language.

Neuroregeneration and Novel Insights in Borderline Emotional Disorders in Regenerative Medicine explores the “clinical gray zone” where persistent stress, anxiety, low mood, and emotional dysregulation impair daily life without always fitting neat diagnostic categories. Written for clinicians, researchers, and informed readers, it reframes “borderline” states through a dimensional, mechanism-based lens—linking fluctuating symptoms to stress circuits, neuroendocrine signaling, inflammation, metabolic function, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and the gut–brain axis.

Bridging established psychiatric care with emerging biological strategies, the book surveys evidence-informed adjuncts such as neuromodulatory peptides, organoid and mito-organelle research platforms, cellular and glial-focused approaches, and structured physiotherapeutic and lifestyle interventions. Practical in intent and translational in scope, it offers a roadmap for integrating psychosocial treatment with safety-minded, biologically rational tools—aimed at enhancing resilience, restoring homeostasis, and supporting earlier, more personalized intervention before symptoms harden into chronic disorder.

Table of Content

 

CHAPTER 1 BORDERLINE DISORDERS: CONCEPT AND CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE 1
Borderline Mental Disorders—Definition and Understanding 5
Stress 8
Anxiety 10
Depression 13
Integration and Conceptual Links 16
CHAPTER 2 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF STRESS, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION: THE MODERN MENTAL HEALTH CRISIS 19
Global Prevalence and Demographic Patterns 19
Depression 21
Anxiety Disorders 22
Chronic Stress 22
Vulnerable Populations and Health Disparities 23
Adolescents and Emerging Adults 23
Racial and Ethnic Minorities 23
Low Socioeconomic Status Populations 24
Neurobiological Vulnerabilities in Modern Contexts 24
Evolutionary Mismatch 24
Neuroplasticity and Environmental Enrichment 25
Public Health Implications and Future Directions 27
The Disease Burden 27
Prevention and Intervention Considerations 27
Conclusion 28
Temporal Trends: The Rising Tide 28
Generational Increases 28
Global Variations 29
The Modern Life Hypothesis: Etiological Mechanisms 30
Digital Technology and Social Media 30
Atomization and Social Disconnection 31
Economic Precarity and Work-Life Imbalance 32
Information Overload and Attentional Fragmentation 32
Decline of Meaning-Making Frameworks 33
Environmental and Existential Threats 34
The Modern Workplace: Occupational Stress Epidemiology 34
Burnout Syndrome 34
Work-Related Anxiety Disorders 36
Workplace Environmental Factors 36
CHAPTER 3 RISK FACTORS 39
Biological and Genetic Risk Factors 40
Genetic Vulnerability 40
Epigenetic Modifications 41
Neurobiological Vulnerabilities 41
Sex and Hormonal Factors 43
Age and Developmental Stage 44
Medical Comorbidities 44
Psychological and Cognitive Risk Factors 45
Temperament and Personality 45
Cognitive Styles and Biases 46
Emotion Regulation Deficits 47
Developmental and Early Life Risk Factors 48
Childhood Adversity 49
Social and Environmental Risk Factors 49
Adverse Life Events 49
Chronic Stress and Chronic Stressors 50
Social Support Deficits 50
Trauma Exposure 51
Lifestyle and Behavioral Risk Factors 51
Physical Inactivity 51
Substance Use 52
Diet and Nutrition 52
Digital Technology Use 52
CHAPTER 4 CLASSIFICATION OF STRESS, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION 53
Stress-related disorders 54
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). 54
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 55
Anxiety Disorders 56
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) 56
Panic Disorder 57
Agoraphobia 58
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 58
Specific Phobia 59
Separation Anxiety Disorder 59
Selective Mutism 60
Depressive Disorders 61
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 61
Additional specifiers 64
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) 65
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) 66
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). 66
Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition 67
Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder 68
Other Specified Depressive Disorder and Unspecified Depressive Disorder 69
CHAPTER 5 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 71
Clinical Manifestations of Stress 73
A. Physical manifestations 73
B. Cognitive manifestations 73
C. Emotional manifestations 73
D. Behavioral manifestations 74
Clinical Manifestations of Anxiety 74
A. Physical manifestations 74
B. Cognitive manifestations 74
C. Emotional manifestations 75
D. Behavioral manifestations 75
Clinical Manifestations of Depression 75
A. Emotional manifestations 75
B. Cognitive manifestations 75
C. Physical (somatic) manifestations 76
D. Behavioral manifestations 76
Key Distinguishing Features 77
Clinical relevance 77
CHAPTER 6 DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS 79
Stress 79
Anxiety 80
Diagnostic Focus and Assessment Tools for Stress, Anxiety, and Depression 82
Depression 83
CHAPTER 7 NEUROBIOLOGY AND SOLUTIONS OF BPDS 85
Neurobiological Aspects of Stress 85
Neurobiological Aspects of Anxiety 87
Neurobiological Aspects of Depression 91
Cellular Changes in Stress, Anxiety, and Depression 98
Neuronal Structural Changes 98
Synaptic Alterations 102
Neuronal Loss and Atrophy 106
Neurogenesis Suppression 109
Glial Cell Alterations 115
Neural Stem Cells and Cellular Approach 125
Brain Structures Involved in Stress, Anxiety, and Depression 127
NSCs Amygdala 128
NSCs Hippocampus 129
NSCs Prefrontal Cortex 144
Hypothalamic NSCs 146
NSCs of the Pituitary Gland 148
NSCs Frontal lobe – The Anterior Cingulate Cortex 150
NSCs Forebrain – The Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Striatum 152
NSCs Cerebral cortex – The Insula 153
NSCs Thalamus 155
NSCs Brainstem – The Locus Coeruleus 157
NSCs Brainstem – The Raphe Nuclei 159
NSCs Forebrain – The Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis 160
NSCs Midbrain – The Periaqueductal Gray 162
NSCs Epithalamus – The Habenula 163
Nano-peptides 164
Amygdala Neuropeptides 165
Hypothalamus Neuropeptides 165
Hippocampus-Related Neuropeptides 166
Prefrontal Cortex Neuropeptides 166
Nano peptides of transfer factor 167
Mito-organells. 170
Energy metabolism impairment 170
Oxidative stress 171
Calcium dysregulation 172
Mitochondrial dynamics alterations 172
Mitochondrial interactions with stress pathways 173
Therapeutic implications 173
The need for mito-organells of mitochondria 174
CHAPTER 8 PHYSIOTHERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BORDERLINE MENTAL DISORDERS (STRESS, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION) 177
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) 177
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Action 179
Neuroplastic Mechanisms 180
Effects on Neural Networks and Connectivity 182
Modulation of Inflammatory Processes 182
Technical Parameters and Protocols 183
Application to Depressive Disorder 185
Application to Anxiety Disorders 186
Application to Chronic Stress 187
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) 189
Application to Chronic Stress 191
Application to Anxiety Disorders 194
Application to Major Depressive Disorder 197
Hyperbaric Oxygenation Therapy with Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber (HBOT) 200
Application to Chronic Stress 202
Application to Anxiety Disorders 204
Application to Major Depressive Disorder 206
Ozone Therapy 208
Application to Chronic Stress 211
Application to Anxiety Disorders 212
Application to Major Depressive Disorder 213
Bio Hormonal Modulator 215
Stress 218
Anxiety 218
Depression 219
Morphogenetic Harmonizer System, Scalar Plasma Wave Modulator 220
BIBLIOGRAPHY 225
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