Authors: Prof. Dr. Mike K.S. Chan and Dr. Dina Tulina Published by: EUROPEAN WELLNESS ACADEMY…



Authors: Prof. Dr. Mike K.S. Chan and Dr. Dina Tulina
Published by: EUROPEAN WELLNESS ACADEMY – Medical Research
Medical Research: ISBN: 9781662971044, eISBN: 9781662972843
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* This is an AI machine-translated version; for precise information, please refer to the original published English language.
Neuroregeneration and Novel Insights in Borderline Emotional Disorders in Regenerative Medicine explores the “clinical gray zone” where persistent stress, anxiety, low mood, and emotional dysregulation impair daily life without always fitting neat diagnostic categories. Written for clinicians, researchers, and informed readers, it reframes “borderline” states through a dimensional, mechanism-based lens—linking fluctuating symptoms to stress circuits, neuroendocrine signaling, inflammation, metabolic function, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and the gut–brain axis.
Bridging established psychiatric care with emerging biological strategies, the book surveys evidence-informed adjuncts such as neuromodulatory peptides, organoid and mito-organelle research platforms, cellular and glial-focused approaches, and structured physiotherapeutic and lifestyle interventions. Practical in intent and translational in scope, it offers a roadmap for integrating psychosocial treatment with safety-minded, biologically rational tools—aimed at enhancing resilience, restoring homeostasis, and supporting earlier, more personalized intervention before symptoms harden into chronic disorder.
| CHAPTER 1 BORDERLINE DISORDERS: CONCEPT AND CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE | 1 |
| Borderline Mental Disorders—Definition and Understanding | 5 |
| Stress | 8 |
| Anxiety | 10 |
| Depression | 13 |
| Integration and Conceptual Links | 16 |
| CHAPTER 2 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF STRESS, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION: THE MODERN MENTAL HEALTH CRISIS | 19 |
| Global Prevalence and Demographic Patterns | 19 |
| Depression | 21 |
| Anxiety Disorders | 22 |
| Chronic Stress | 22 |
| Vulnerable Populations and Health Disparities | 23 |
| Adolescents and Emerging Adults | 23 |
| Racial and Ethnic Minorities | 23 |
| Low Socioeconomic Status Populations | 24 |
| Neurobiological Vulnerabilities in Modern Contexts | 24 |
| Evolutionary Mismatch | 24 |
| Neuroplasticity and Environmental Enrichment | 25 |
| Public Health Implications and Future Directions | 27 |
| The Disease Burden | 27 |
| Prevention and Intervention Considerations | 27 |
| Conclusion | 28 |
| Temporal Trends: The Rising Tide | 28 |
| Generational Increases | 28 |
| Global Variations | 29 |
| The Modern Life Hypothesis: Etiological Mechanisms | 30 |
| Digital Technology and Social Media | 30 |
| Atomization and Social Disconnection | 31 |
| Economic Precarity and Work-Life Imbalance | 32 |
| Information Overload and Attentional Fragmentation | 32 |
| Decline of Meaning-Making Frameworks | 33 |
| Environmental and Existential Threats | 34 |
| The Modern Workplace: Occupational Stress Epidemiology | 34 |
| Burnout Syndrome | 34 |
| Work-Related Anxiety Disorders | 36 |
| Workplace Environmental Factors | 36 |
| CHAPTER 3 RISK FACTORS | 39 |
| Biological and Genetic Risk Factors | 40 |
| Genetic Vulnerability | 40 |
| Epigenetic Modifications | 41 |
| Neurobiological Vulnerabilities | 41 |
| Sex and Hormonal Factors | 43 |
| Age and Developmental Stage | 44 |
| Medical Comorbidities | 44 |
| Psychological and Cognitive Risk Factors | 45 |
| Temperament and Personality | 45 |
| Cognitive Styles and Biases | 46 |
| Emotion Regulation Deficits | 47 |
| Developmental and Early Life Risk Factors | 48 |
| Childhood Adversity | 49 |
| Social and Environmental Risk Factors | 49 |
| Adverse Life Events | 49 |
| Chronic Stress and Chronic Stressors | 50 |
| Social Support Deficits | 50 |
| Trauma Exposure | 51 |
| Lifestyle and Behavioral Risk Factors | 51 |
| Physical Inactivity | 51 |
| Substance Use | 52 |
| Diet and Nutrition | 52 |
| Digital Technology Use | 52 |
| CHAPTER 4 CLASSIFICATION OF STRESS, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION | 53 |
| Stress-related disorders | 54 |
| Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). | 54 |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | 55 |
| Anxiety Disorders | 56 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | 56 |
| Panic Disorder | 57 |
| Agoraphobia | 58 |
| Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) | 58 |
| Specific Phobia | 59 |
| Separation Anxiety Disorder | 59 |
| Selective Mutism | 60 |
| Depressive Disorders | 61 |
| Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) | 61 |
| Additional specifiers | 64 |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) | 65 |
| Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) | 66 |
| Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). | 66 |
| Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition | 67 |
| Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder | 68 |
| Other Specified Depressive Disorder and Unspecified Depressive Disorder | 69 |
| CHAPTER 5 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 71 |
| Clinical Manifestations of Stress | 73 |
| A. Physical manifestations | 73 |
| B. Cognitive manifestations | 73 |
| C. Emotional manifestations | 73 |
| D. Behavioral manifestations | 74 |
| Clinical Manifestations of Anxiety | 74 |
| A. Physical manifestations | 74 |
| B. Cognitive manifestations | 74 |
| C. Emotional manifestations | 75 |
| D. Behavioral manifestations | 75 |
| Clinical Manifestations of Depression | 75 |
| A. Emotional manifestations | 75 |
| B. Cognitive manifestations | 75 |
| C. Physical (somatic) manifestations | 76 |
| D. Behavioral manifestations | 76 |
| Key Distinguishing Features | 77 |
| Clinical relevance | 77 |
| CHAPTER 6 DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS | 79 |
| Stress | 79 |
| Anxiety | 80 |
| Diagnostic Focus and Assessment Tools for Stress, Anxiety, and Depression | 82 |
| Depression | 83 |
| CHAPTER 7 NEUROBIOLOGY AND SOLUTIONS OF BPDS | 85 |
| Neurobiological Aspects of Stress | 85 |
| Neurobiological Aspects of Anxiety | 87 |
| Neurobiological Aspects of Depression | 91 |
| Cellular Changes in Stress, Anxiety, and Depression | 98 |
| Neuronal Structural Changes | 98 |
| Synaptic Alterations | 102 |
| Neuronal Loss and Atrophy | 106 |
| Neurogenesis Suppression | 109 |
| Glial Cell Alterations | 115 |
| Neural Stem Cells and Cellular Approach | 125 |
| Brain Structures Involved in Stress, Anxiety, and Depression | 127 |
| NSCs Amygdala | 128 |
| NSCs Hippocampus | 129 |
| NSCs Prefrontal Cortex | 144 |
| Hypothalamic NSCs | 146 |
| NSCs of the Pituitary Gland | 148 |
| NSCs Frontal lobe – The Anterior Cingulate Cortex | 150 |
| NSCs Forebrain – The Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Striatum | 152 |
| NSCs Cerebral cortex – The Insula | 153 |
| NSCs Thalamus | 155 |
| NSCs Brainstem – The Locus Coeruleus | 157 |
| NSCs Brainstem – The Raphe Nuclei | 159 |
| NSCs Forebrain – The Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis | 160 |
| NSCs Midbrain – The Periaqueductal Gray | 162 |
| NSCs Epithalamus – The Habenula | 163 |
| Nano-peptides | 164 |
| Amygdala Neuropeptides | 165 |
| Hypothalamus Neuropeptides | 165 |
| Hippocampus-Related Neuropeptides | 166 |
| Prefrontal Cortex Neuropeptides | 166 |
| Nano peptides of transfer factor | 167 |
| Mito-organells. | 170 |
| Energy metabolism impairment | 170 |
| Oxidative stress | 171 |
| Calcium dysregulation | 172 |
| Mitochondrial dynamics alterations | 172 |
| Mitochondrial interactions with stress pathways | 173 |
| Therapeutic implications | 173 |
| The need for mito-organells of mitochondria | 174 |
| CHAPTER 8 PHYSIOTHERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BORDERLINE MENTAL DISORDERS (STRESS, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION) | 177 |
| Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) | 177 |
| Neurobiological Mechanisms of Action | 179 |
| Neuroplastic Mechanisms | 180 |
| Effects on Neural Networks and Connectivity | 182 |
| Modulation of Inflammatory Processes | 182 |
| Technical Parameters and Protocols | 183 |
| Application to Depressive Disorder | 185 |
| Application to Anxiety Disorders | 186 |
| Application to Chronic Stress | 187 |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) | 189 |
| Application to Chronic Stress | 191 |
| Application to Anxiety Disorders | 194 |
| Application to Major Depressive Disorder | 197 |
| Hyperbaric Oxygenation Therapy with Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber (HBOT) | 200 |
| Application to Chronic Stress | 202 |
| Application to Anxiety Disorders | 204 |
| Application to Major Depressive Disorder | 206 |
| Ozone Therapy | 208 |
| Application to Chronic Stress | 211 |
| Application to Anxiety Disorders | 212 |
| Application to Major Depressive Disorder | 213 |
| Bio Hormonal Modulator | 215 |
| Stress | 218 |
| Anxiety | 218 |
| Depression | 219 |
| Morphogenetic Harmonizer System, Scalar Plasma Wave Modulator | 220 |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 225 |